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Virbac VETERNINARY HPM ™ -
exclusively supply veterinary physiological
for dogs and cats
KEY LESSONS
The cats can digest high quality carbohydrates properly processed (cooked) with efficiency up {over 90% .1
Dogs are opportunistic omnivores, so they do not require as high protein intake levels that a strict carnivore like the cat. 7.8 The dogs are able to digest, absorb and effectively convert carbohydrates as omnivores. 9.10
The protein levels of all Hill's products meet or exceed the required nutrient intakes and are based on a consensus of scientific evidence, taken over by the National Research Council (NRC), the guidelines of the FEDIAF, and those of Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO).
The ash content is higher in Virbac products compared Hill's product. The ashes come from minerals and are an indirect indicator of protein quality protein sources from animal by-products. It would be necessary to evaluate the quality of protein in animal feed, not just quantity.
products Virbac VETERINARY HPM ™ contain higher phosphorous levels than products Hill's Vet Essentials. Chitosan, a chelating phosphorus was added in the food Virbac; Gold is not known if a phosphate binder added to the food significantly reduces the bioavailability of phosphorus to levels considered appropriate.
There is a lack of clinical evidence for a beneficial effect of probiotics added to processed foods for cats and dogs. 25
CONTEXT
Virbac has launched a new range of physiological food for dogs and cats, for veterinary, "super-premium", containing high levels of animal protein and low levels of carbohydrates. The marketing campaign is centered on the fact that dogs and cats are "carnivorous for 30,000 generations. "The products are supported by a study canine and feline two studies of Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit of the National Veterinary School of Nantes - ONIRIS.
CATS AND CARBS
Cats are obligate carnivores; however they can digest with an efficiency up more than 90% {1 high quality properly prepared carbohydrates. It is more important to avoid bad carbs than worrying percentage of their inclusion in the food. Hill's uses high quality carbohydrates in all of its products and ingredients
2
used to bring these carbohydrates also provide other nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, fiber and amino acids.
Based on current published evidence, there is no cause and effect between {carbohydrate intake and obesity or diabetes in cats. 2-6 In fact, a sedentary lifestyle, a life {inside, sterilization and the consumption of foods high in fat and energy have all been identified as risk factors for obesity, rather than carbohydrates. 4-6
DOGS ARE REALLY EATING?
Virbac says "VETERINARY HPM ™ is a new generation of online nutrition with nutritional needs of dogs, guided by their instinct. "The position of Virbac is that cats and dogs are" carnivorous for 30,000 generations. "
While cats are, in fact, strict carnivores and need more protein in their diet, dogs are considered opportunistic omnivores, that is to say, they naturally eat whatever is available to them including plants and animals. The dogs were separated from their ancestors the wolves there are approximately 32,000 years old, and have evolved parallel to the side of humans. 7 Thus, following this coevolution, dogs genes have become different from wolves. The genes of digestion and metabolism show a similar evolution between humans and chiens7; 10 channels of genetic changes associated with domestication affects the starch digestion and metabolism lipidique.8 Dogs are able to obtain large amounts of energy from {nutrients in cereal grains. Almost 99% of the starch fraction and almost 84% of the protein fraction of the seeds of cereals are used usually digestible by chiens.9,10
PROTEIN
The health impact of excess dietary protein is a very active research topic in humans and for animals. Currently, there is no evidence to support the hypothesis that excess dietary protein is harmful to dogs and cats healthy. However, controlled levels of protein can be beneficial for animals with chronic kidney disease unreported. 11 In addition, high levels of protein intake may not be suitable for dogs or cats with a risk of developing certain types of urolithiases.11
Dogs and cats need amino acids, which can come from different sources, other than animales.11 The protein amino acid content necessary to allow adult animals maintain their muscles, tissues, hormones and enzymes is fixed . If an amino acid is deficient (reducing), an entire protein may not be performed in vivo and the protein synthesis stops. 11 Amino acids absorbed beyond the required needs will be destroyed; nitrogenous waste is produced and eliminated by the kidneys, and the carbon chain is burned to produce energy or stored as fat, depending on the energy balance of the animal. Undigested proteins are removed by the body by the selles.11
Analysis of the crude protein measurement the amount of nitrogen in the food and does not assess the quality of protein, which can be defined as the efficiency of the conversion of amino acids into tissue. Digestibility, protein source, and amino acid profile all contribute to the quality of protein. Ash content, the process of transformation and other nutrients such as fiber may impact protein digestibility. 11 The ashes come from minerals and are an indirect indicator of protein quality protein sources from animal by-products. Since they increase with an increase of bone content. The majority of proteins in bone is collagen, 12 involved in the total intake of crude protein but which is considered deficient in most
3
essential amino acids. 13 Virbac VETERINARY HPM ™ products contain higher amounts of ash, from 8.2 to 9.5% compared to the Dry Matter (DM), compared to Hill's VetEssentials formulas, which vary from 4.6 to 6 7% / MS.
The intake of protein foods Hill's are optimized for each stage of life given and are justified by the clinical nutrition research. In addition, Hill's uses sources of high quality protein, with good acid balance, controlled ash content, and most products have a digestibility of over 85% protein. protein levels Food Hill's VetEssentials are low when compared to those of Virbac's study in dogs, used in support of their new food. Leriche et al compared a high protein food for dogs (38% of the metabolizable energy (ME)) to foods with moderate protein content (23% FS) and low (15% FS). Hill's Canine formulas VetEssentials contain protein levels ranging between 20 and 29% EM according to life stages.
André et al compared a cat food with high protein content (52% FS) feed rate to moderate protein (33.7% FS). In this study, neutered cats eating food with moderate levels of protein had a significant decrease in lean muscle mass and an increase in body fat over a period of 5 months, compared to cats consuming food protein content { high. However, feline studies Virbac uses to support its products do not specify the amount of proteins, for their quality. Hill's has conducted numerous nutritional studies in cats eating foods with different protein contents. Whatever the amount of protein, all the studies have shown that cats or maintained their lean muscle mass, either increased, as measured by two-photon absorptiometry (DEXA), even at levels as low as 28 proteins MS% (Table 1) .14-17 These results demonstrate the importance of a food containing high quality protein for every stage of life or pathological situations. However, if one wishes to cats a high protein food, various options exist in the Hill's products offer (VetEssentials NeuteredCat, Science Plan ™ Perfect Weight, Science Plan ™ Kitten, Prescription Diet ™ m / d, w / d, r / d, Metabolic). If a food with high protein and low levels of carbohydrates is specifically required for adult cats, Prescription Diet ™ m / d is a wise choice, with ash content (5.9% / MS) and phosphorus (0.8% / MS) controlled.
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus levels are generally high in foods that contain high levels of proteins of animal origin, unless the food is formulated with special ingredients. 11 The long-term impact {of foods with higher levels of phosphorus, on animal health is not known. However, excessive phosphorus rates (> 0.9 to 1% / MS) are harmful to dogs and cats with renal disease and proved to have been associated with 1) a quality of life and reduced life expectancy, 2 ) more uremic episodes, and 3) renal histological changes including inflammation, fibrosis and minéralisation.18-24 the products of phosphorus intake VETERINARY Virbac HPM ™ varies between 1.0 to 1.1% / MS, while Hill's products VetEssentials vary between 0.6 to 0.8% / MS. To lower the amount of phosphorus absorbed by dogs or cats, Virbac added chitosan, a chelating phosphorus in his food. Add a phosphate binder that shows Virbac is not {comfortable with the phosphorus level of its food. It is not known whether the addition of a phosphate binder to a food, moderate phosphorus content, will not significantly reduce the bioavailability of phosphorus. In addition, inadequate absorption of phosphorus can lead, over time, to health problems for animals and intake levels may not be suitable for puppies and growing kittens.
4
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS PASTEURIZED
The probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus has been added to all food Virbac VETERINARY HPM ™ as the last ingredient on the list of raw materials. While active research in dogs and cats were conducted as microbiome gastrointestinal (GI) as the benefits of probiotics, there are still today largely unknown. 25 Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that provide health benefits {their host when administered in quantities adéquates.26 It is unlikely that the bacteria in these foods have survived the manufacturing process and the it is not known if they are present in adequate amounts to have a beneficial effect on the GI microbiome. A study in mice found that the DNA of bacteria brought health benefits, suggesting that probiotics did not necessarily need to be alive and viable for a positif.27 effect However, clinical studies of high grade on dogs and cats are necessary to determine if non-living bacteria provide any health benefit for these species. Therefore, the addition of these bacteria to foods for dogs and cats could offer no special benefit while increasing the cost thereof.
ABSTRACT
The nutrients in foods Hill's are based on years of scientific evidence.
A high-quality food requires a precise blend of ingredients to meet the specific nutritional needs of dogs and cats. Nutritional needs vary depending on life stage, lifestyle, or clinical situations. Hill's combines nutrient-rich ingredients and high quality to create balanced food, which veterinarians have always trusted and that they recommend for over 60 years.
In addition to being a proven nutrition, Vet Essentials selected foods benefit from oral {technology proven effectiveness, and are suitable for dogs and cats less active, neutered or prone {obesity, they promote a healthy skin and coat, deliver superior formula enriched in antioxidants and support healthy urinary system.
Table 1: Clinical studies evaluating Hill's lean body mass by dual-photon absorptiometry (DEXA) in cats eating foods with varying amounts of protéines.12-15
Author
Year
Protein levels
Duration of Study
population studied
Lean Body Mass (DEXA) and Kirk 2000 AL14 24% FS (~ 31% MS) 20% FS (~ 28% MS) 16 weeks 10 cats MRC; 9 senior cats ↑ Stable
Yamka and al15
2010
28% MS
16 weeks
12 senior cats
(10 +/- 2 years)
Yu stable and al16 2011 28.5% MS 30 weeks 7 cats MRC Stable ↑
Floerchinger
and al17
2015
38.3% MS
16 weeks
weight maintenance
19 adult cats
(7-13 years)
↑
KEY LRNINGS
5
REFERENCES
1. Oliveira-LD, CarciofiAC Oliveira MC, et al. Effects of six carbohydrate sources on diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin responses in cats. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 2237-46.
2. Gostelow R, Y Forcada, Graves T, et al. Systematic review of feline diabetic remission: Separating fact from opinion. Vet J 2014; 202: 208-221.
3. Laflamme D. Cats and carbohydrates - implications for health and disease. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2010; January: E1-E3 (cp.vetlearn.com/Media/PublicationsArticle/PV0110_laflamme.pdf).
4. Slingerland LI, Fazilova VV, Plantinga EA, et al. Indoor confinement and physical inactivity Rather than the proportion of dry food are factoring risk in the development of feline type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vet J 2009; 179: 247-253.
5. C. Buffington Dry foods and risk of disease in cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal 2008; 49: 561-563.
6. RC Backus, NJ Cave and KeislerDH. Gonadectomy and high dietary fat but not high dietary carbohydrate Induce gains in body weight and fat of domestic cats. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 641-50.
7. Wang G, W Zhai, Yang H, et al. The genomics of selection in dogs and the parallel Evolution entre dogs and humans. Nature Communications, 2013; 4.
8. E Axelsson, Ratnakumar A, Arendt ML, et al. The genomic signatures of dog domestication Reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet. Nature 2013; 495: 360-365.
9. Murray SM, GC Fahey Jr., Merchen NR, GD Sunvold, Reinhart GA. Evaluation of selected high-starch flours as ingredients in canine diets. J Anim Sci 1999; 77 (8): 2180-6.
10. AC Carciofi, Takakura FS, de Oliveira LD, et al. Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin response. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92: 326-336.
11. Macronutrients. In: Hand MS, CD Thatcher, Remillard RL Roudebush P Novotny BJ, editors. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 5th ed. Topeka, Kansas: Mark Morris Institute, 2010; 81-96.
12. Long Eastoe JE and ME. The amino acid composition of processed bones and meat. J Sci Food Agric 1960; 11: 87-92.
13. Berdanier CD. Advanced Nutrition: Micronutrients. 1998 CRC Press, Washington, DC.
14. Kirk et al. Dietary protein requirement of cats with spontaneous renal disease. Abstract. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14 (3): 351.
15. RM Yamka L. Melendez and maintenance of lean body mass in senior cats fed a low protein therapeutic renal food. 2010 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, Anaheim, CA.
16. Yu et al. Dietary crude protein of 28.5% Maintains long-term lean body mass in cats with impaired kidney function. Abstract. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25 (3): 734.
17. Floerchinger AM, Jackson MI, Jewell DE, et al. Effect of feeding a weight loss food is beyond caloric restriction period on body composition and resistance to weight gain in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 247: 365-374.
18. Elliott J, et al. Survival of cats with chronic renal failure Occurring naturally: effect of dietary management. J Small Anim Pract 2000; 41: 235-242.
19. Ross S, et al. Clinical assessment of dietary modification for Treatment of spontaneous chronic kidney disease in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229: 949-957.
20. Ross LA, et al. Effect of dietary phosphorus restriction on the kidneys of cats with Reduced renal mass. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43: 1023-1026.
21. Brown SA, et al. Beneficial effects of dietary restriction in mineral dogs with marked reduction in renal mass. J Am Soc Nephr 1991; 1: 1169-1179.
22. Finco DR, et al. Effects of phosphorus / calcium-restricted and phosphorus / calcium-replete 32% protein diets in dogs with chronic renal failure. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53: 157-163.
23. Finco DR, et al. Effects of dietary phosphorus and protein in dogs with chronic renal failure. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53: 2264-2271.
24. Jacob F, et al. Clinical assessment of dietary modification for Treatment of spontaneous chronic renal failure in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 220: 1163-1170.
25. Marks SL. Evidence Based Benefits of Pre- and Probiotics in Dogs and Cats. From the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine.
26. GR Gibson and Roberfroid M, editors. Handbook of Prebiotics. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008; 1-22.
27. Rachmilewitz D, K Katakura, Karmeli F, et al. Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126 (2) 520-528
thatT͟Hat,T͟Hət
Definitions of that
conjunction
introducing a subordinate clause expressing a statement or hypothesis.
she said that she was satisfied
pronoun
used to identify a specific person or thing observed by the speaker.
that's his wife over there
adverb
to such a degree; so.
I would not go that far
article
used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker.
look at that man there
7 more definitions
See also
so that, that is, after that, like that, at that time, something like that, that is why, that one, for that, that is true
Translations of that
conjunction
que
that, than, whether
pronoun
que
that, which, what, whom
qui
which, that, who, whom
ce
this, that, it
cela
it, that
celle
that, she, her
celui
that, he, him
où
that
laquelle
which, that
adjective
ce
that
cette
that
cet
that
9 more translations
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